Showing posts with label Internet. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Internet. Show all posts

Friday, February 19

This Week In Illinois History: World’s First BBS Goes Live (Feb. 16, 1978)

The Great Blizzard of 1978 was one of the worst storms in Illinois’ history. One-hundred-mile-an-hour winds whipped up snow drifts as high as 12 feet. Wind chills were so low they caused railroad tracks to buckle and break. Northern Illinois, especially Chicago, ground to a halt. And a couple of snowed-in computer nerds created a major technological achievement.

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Read also about: Bulletin board system



Thursday, February 18

A simpler way to move data from the network’s edge to Amazon Web Services

Data has been called “the new oil.” And like oil, it needs to be extracted, processed, and delivered before it has value. Customers have told me how overwhelming the process is when thousands of devices at the network’s edge transmit over 

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Advertisement: Smartphone under US499 or even under US399 Price'sBitcoin nears 50000 Dollars as it reaches recordJack Dorsey announce bitcoin fund as cryptocurrency goes mainstream 

Tuesday, January 4

WorldCall

WorldCall
TypeMultimedia Service Provider
IndustryTelecommunication
Founded1996
Headquarters Pakistan
Key peopleSalman Taseer
Websitewww.worldcall.pk
WorldCALL is a telecommunication operator in Pakistan which provides services such as Cable TV, Broadband Internet, 3G EVDO Internet, pay-phone services, dial-up Internet cards and wireless telephone. It was established in 1996 by First Capital Securities Corporation .

History

In 1996, First Capital Securities Corporation began to incubate a payphone operation called Worldcall Payphones Limited. At that time, notable development was being done to improve the payphone infrastructure in the country. The first payphone was installed in June 1996. Now, Worldcall has over 70,000 payphones all over the country and the company has become one of the largest fixed line payphone operator and the pioneers of “Supervised Payphones” business model in Pakistan.

Prepaid Calling Cards

In 1998 prepaid calling cards were launched by Worldcall Phonecards under the brand name "Hello". In the following year the group established dial-up internet services through Worldcall Dot Com.

Overseas Operations

In 1999 Worldcall Telecom Lanka established the Groups' first overseas presence when payphone operations were established in Sri Lanka.

Cable and Internet Services

In 2000 Worldcall Multimedia established a Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) scalable network in Lahore thus becoming the first Multi-service operator in the country, providing cable television and Internet-over-cable. In cable TV in Lahore, Worldcall was the last entrant and by far the largest. In 2003 the company launched an HFC network operation in Karachi under Worldcall Broadband Limited (WBL). These were the largest and only national networks capable of triple play (cable TV, high speed internet/data and telephony) until the introduction of Wateen Telecom. The broadband division also offers metro fiber lease to a number of other telecom / cellular operators as well as corporates. Currently Worldcall is one of the few operators who are providing Digital Cable in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad.

Wireless Local Loop Services

Worldcall Telecom Limited acquired Wireless Local Loop (WLL) licenses/spectrum in the post deregulation auction to provide WLL telephony in all 14 telecom regions of Pakistan primarily in the 1900 MHz band. It has partnered with Samsung for a CDMA 2000 1x solution (with EVDO option). WTL started service from Lahore in June 2005 which is now available in over 40 cities. WTL also acquired an LDI license and service commenced at the end of 2004. WTL has increased competition due to rights to dark fibers in a national long haul network which is being built across Pakistan.


(source:wikipedia)

Sunday, January 2

Nice to Meet You, Governor. And Sandra Lee! Wow!

ALBANY — Andrew M. Cuomo flung open the doors of the Executive Mansion on Saturday, saying he wanted people to feel connected once again to their state government.
But for some visitors, the real draw was not transparency, or even the newly inaugurated Mr. Cuomo. It was his girlfriend, Sandra Lee, the Food Network star, who for a time greeted guests alongside him in the mansion’s cavernous receiving hall, in front of a fireplace festooned with oversize Christmas bulbs and pine cones.

“She introduced herself as Sandy,” Rochelle Filler, 45, of Glenmont, a suburb of Albany, said, beaming. “She was very down to earth.”

Another woman gushed that Ms. Lee told her she had already found three restaurants in Albany that she particularly enjoyed.

Which three? a reporter asked. The woman bashfully admitted she was so star-struck that she forgot to ask.

People leaving the mansion tended to mention Ms. Lee almost as much as Mr. Cuomo — either because they were disappointed they did not get to meet her, or because they were practically giddy about getting to shake her hand.

Carol Robbins, a teacher, and her husband, Richard, an information-technology specialist for the state’s corrections department, who live in Columbia County, most wanted to greet Ms. Lee, whose television program they watched together, or former Gov. Mario M. Cuomo, who, like Mr. Robbins, attended St. John’s University.

They did not meet either of them, but the younger Mr. Cuomo was an appealing consolation. “I’m hoping he’s going to do a good job, too,” Mr. Robbins said.

The open house drew hundreds of visitors, and for two hours, Mr. Cuomo and his lieutenant governor, Robert J. Duffy, enthusiastically greeted them.

Some people walked from a few blocks away; others shuffled into cars and drove hundreds of miles. Some had visited the governor’s residence as long ago as the Rockefeller administration, which ended in 1973; others had never set foot inside its rooms.

Jeanne Crane and Lorie Longhany drove four and a half hours from western New York for a minute or two of face time with Mr. Cuomo. Then they piled into the car and drove right back.

“When you’re from a small county, many times you don’t get recognized,” said Ms. Crane, the Democratic chairwoman of Orleans County. “A lot of times people say, oh, you didn’t get invited because they don’t care about the small counties. So I think it’s very important that we show up.”

In keeping with what seemed to be an unwritten bit of etiquette at the meet-and-greet, Ms. Crane and Ms. Longhany did not use their brief time with Mr. Cuomo to lobby about issues facing western New York. Instead, they did the only thing that felt right: they congratulated him.

The tradition of the open house goes back more than a century. Former Gov. Theodore Roosevelt was said to have shaken the hands of 6,000 people after his inauguration in 1899, with 2,000 others unable to get into the mansion. (The incoming Cuomo administration limited the number of guests to 300 and conducted a lottery to select them.)

Some who turned out on Saturday had made attending the events something of a tradition: they recalled meeting former Govs. Nelson A. Rockefeller and Hugh L. Carey there or offered opinions on which administration provided the best tour. (The verdict seemed to be that the tour on Saturday, which was constrained to a few rooms that were guarded by a maze of velvet rope, was less than ideal.)

Others arrived with the intention of thanking Mr. Cuomo for his positions. Claude Gruener, 69, and his partner, Doug Ponisi, 52, who live in Albany, a short walk from the mansion, wanted to thank Mr. Cuomo for his support of gay rights over the years. An economic development consultant came to give Mr. Cuomo a pep talk of sorts as he prepares to wrestle with the state’s huge budget deficit.

But politics was not the only thing on many people’s minds. Many parents brought along their young children to meet the governor, hoping that they could look back on it some day.

Reporter access to the open house was limited, leaving television crews at the foot of the driveway to chase visitors for quotes as they exited the mansion.

One child, who appeared to be about 3 years old, was already looking past the Cuomo era. She shared her own ambitions with a solicitous television reporter: “Someday,” she said, “I want to be governor.”


(source:nytimes.com)

Friday, December 31

Wireless network

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes are implemented without the use of wires. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.

Types of wireless connections

Wireless PAN
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, generally within reach of a person. For example, Bluetooth,Infrared rays provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications. Wi-Fi PANs are also getting popular as vendors have started integrating Wi-Fi in variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel My WiFi and Windows 7 virtual Wi-Fi capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.

Wireless LAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using a wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network.
Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is increasingly used as a synonym for 802.11 WLANs, although it is technically a certification of interoperability between 802.11 devices.
Fixed Wireless Data: This implements point to point links between computers or networks at two locations, often using dedicated microwave or laser beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without physically wiring the buildings together.

Wireless MAN
Wireless Metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several Wireless LANs.
WiMAX is the term used to refer to wireless MANs and is covered in IEEE 802.16d/802.16e.

Wireless WAN
wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large outdoor areas. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access system. They are usually deployed on the 2.4 GHz band. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems.

Mobile devices networks
Further information: mobile telecommunications
With the development of smart phones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.
Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.
D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.

Uses

An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) in the Czech Republic.
Wireless networks have continued to develop and their uses have grown significantly. Cellular phones are part of huge wireless network systems. People use these phones daily to communicate with one another. Sending information overseas is possible through wireless network systems using satellites and other signals to communicate across the world. Emergency services such as the police department utilize wireless networks to communicate important information quickly. People and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data quickly whether it be in a small office building or across the world.
Another important use for wireless networks is as an inexpensive and rapid way to be connected to the Internet in countries and regions where the telecom infrastructure is poor or there is a lack of resources, as in most developing countries.
Compatibility issues also arise when dealing with wireless networks. Different components not made by the same company may not work together, or might require extra work to fix these issues. Wireless networks are typically slower than those that are directly connected through an Ethernet cable.
A wireless network is more vulnerable, because anyone can try to break into a network broadcasting a signal. Many networks offer WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy - security systems which have been found to be vulnerable to intrusion. Though WEP does block some intruders, the security problems have caused some businesses to stick with wired networks until security can be improved. Another type of security for wireless networks is WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access. WPA provides more security to wireless networks than a WEP security set up. The use of firewalls will help with security breaches which can help to fix security problems in some wireless networks that are more vulnerable.

Environmental concerns and health hazard

In recent times,[when?] there have been increased concerns about the safety of wireless communications, despite little evidence of health risks so far. The president of Lakehead University refused to agree to installation of a wireless network citing a California Public Utilities Commission study which said that the possible risk of tumors and other diseases due to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) needs to be further investigated.

(source:wikipedia)

CES 2011 Preview: Phones and Tablets

Dual-core and 4G phones will muscle their way to the fore at CES this year.
CES is traditionally the beginning of a busy season for cell phone and tablet announcements, but it's not the end of the story. With Mobile World Congress coming in February and the CTIA trade show coming in March, phone manufacturers like to stagger their revelations so they have something to promote at each show.
We're not likely to see a single "big phone" at CES like we did with the Palm Pre in 2009 or the iPhone in 2007. Rather, we're going to see a big lineup: it looks like Verizon is introducing a whole bunch of big-name, 4G LTE-based smartphones. AT&T wants to show it'll have a strong lineup once it loses iPhone exclusivity, and new dual-core phones are ready for prime time. Don't worry, there will be flashy stuff to see.
CES was aiming to be a big coming-out show for Android-powered tablets until Google threw water on that campfire by suggesting tablet-makers use the Honeycomb software version, which isn't ready yet. As a result, we're likely to see one flagship Honeycomb tablet from Motorola, and a slew of lower-cost, potentially lower-quality devices from smaller manufacturers who just can't wait.

Here's what tablet analyst Tim Gideon and I are expecting to see at CES:
4G Everything: This is going to be a huge show for 4G. Verizon Wireless may introduce a half-dozen LTE phones and tablets during Verizon CEO Ivan Seidenberg's keynote on January 6, and the carrier has blocked out time for hands-ons afterwards. Online rumors have suggested handsets from Samsung, LG and HTC. Not to be outdone, T-Mobile is throwing a press conference the same day, so I expect HSPA+ phones and tablets. Sprint doesn't have a press conference, but they won't want to be left out, either. Sierra Wireless and Novatel Wireless may be bringing 4G MiFi-style hotspots.
Dual-Core Phones: The dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 platform is ready to go, and we're probably going to see some powerful, dual-core handheld devices based on nVidia's Tegra 2 chipset and possibly a next-generation Samsung chipset as well. Those devices will almost certainly include the new LG Optimus 2X phone, but I'm anticipating other powerful surprises as well.
Lots of Tablets of Questionable Quality: Flagship Android-based tablets such as Motorola's 10-inch device need to wait for Google's Android Honeycomb software, coming this spring. We'll see the first demo of Motorola's device, and maybe a few others. But we're going to see a lot more of the Island of Misfit Tablets—low-cost tablets of questionable quality based on Android Froyo software, which may end up on convenience store shelves or sold at a discount through computer retailers. Think CherryPad, not iPad. New tablets potentially coming from Dell, Asus and Samsung will fit uncomfortably in the middle with decent hardware quality, but not Google's special tablet software.
Who's Holding Out for MWC? Microsoft has made the biggest announcement at MWC for the past few years, so don't expect a major Windows Phone 7 update at CES—they want to hold their thunder for February. Nokia and Sony Ericsson also generally announce devices at MWC, not CES; Sony Ericsson has already sent out invites to their MWC event. We also probably won't hear much at this show from HP/Palm or BlackBerry, other than yet another demo of the well-known BlackBerry Playbook tablet. That isn't about MWC strategizing, just about product timing.
No Verizon iPhone: Verizon Wireless will be getting some form of the iPhone within the next few months; there seems to be a consensus in the tech world on this. Agreement seems to be swirling that the Verizon iPhone will be a 3G, CDMA version of the iPhone 4. But I don't think Apple will announce this during CES. When Apple announces something during CES—like the original iPhone—it overshadows all other mobile products at the show. Verizon is sinking a lot of time and effort into promoting LTE devices at CES. For Apple to step in and steal the stage would be getting that relationship off to a really bad start.

(source:pcmag.com)

Saturday, December 18

List of Russian IT developers

This list of Russian IT developers includes the famous hardware engineers, computer scientists and programmers from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

See also the Category:Russian computer scientists and Category:Russian programmers.

A
Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)
B
Boris Babaian, developer of the Elbrus-series supercomputers
Sergey Brin, inventor of the Google web search engine
Nikolay Brusentsov, inventor of ternary computer (Setun)
D
Mikhail Donskoy, a leading developer of Kaissa, the first computer chess champion
Kaspersky
E
Andrey Ershov, developed Rapira programming language, started the predecessor to the Russian National Corpus
G
Victor Glushkov, a founder of cybernetics, inventor of the first personal computer Mir
K
Anatoly Karatsuba, developed the Karatsuba algorithm (the first fast multiplication algorithm)
Yevgeny Kaspersky, developer of Kaspersky anti-virus products
Leonid Khachiyan, developed the Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming
Semen Korsakov, the first to use punched cards for information storage and search
Alexander Kronrod, developer of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula and Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
Korsakov
L
Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm
Sergey Lebedev, developer of the first Soviet and European electronic computers, MESM and BESM
Vladimir Levenshtein, developed the Levenshtein automaton, Levenshtein coding and Levenshtein distance
Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem (the foundation for computational complexity)
M
Alexander Mikhailov, coined the term Informatics
O
Odhner
Willgodt Theophil Odhner, inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, the most popular mechanical calculator in the 20th century
P
Alexey Pajitnov, inventor of Tetris
Svyatoslav Pestov, developer of jEdit text editor and Factor programming language
Bashir Rameyev, developer of Strela computer, the first mainframe computer manufactured serially in the Soviet Union
R
Eugene Roshal, developer of the FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
Pajitnov
T
Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasystem transition and supercompilation
Y
David Yang, developer of Cybiko, founder of ABBYY company


(source:wikipedia)

Sunday, December 12

MacBook Pro

The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc. It replaced the PowerBook G4 and was the second model to be announced in the Apple–Intel transition (after the iMac). Positioned at the high end of the MacBook family, the MacBook Pro is currently produced in three sizes: the 13-, 15-, and 17- inch.
There have been two designs for the MacBook Pro, both using aluminum. The first design was largely a carry-over from the PowerBook G4 and used the Intel Core central processing units as opposed to the PowerPC G4 chips used in the model it replaced. It was first released as a 15-inch model in January 2006, followed by a 17-inch model in April of the same year. These original models received several updates and were upgraded with Core 2 Duo processors in late 2006.
The second "unibody" model has a more tapered design with most of the casing made from a single block of aluminum. This design was introduced with the 15-inch MacBook Pro in October 2008, along with the 13-inch aluminum unibody MacBook. The 17-inch model was updated with the same design the following January, also introducing the built-in battery that was later used in the rest of the MacBook Pro line from June and in the regular MacBook from October 2009. Apple updated the unibody line in April 2010 with Intel Core i5 and Core i7 processors in the 15- and 17-inch models, while the 13-inch models retained the Core 2 Duo processors.

Discrete MacBook Pro

Discrete 15-inch MacBook Pro, displaying Mac OS X Leopard.
The original 15-inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10, 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo. The 17-inch model was later unveiled on April 24, 2006. The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4 and utilized Intel Core CPUs as opposed to the PowerPC G4 chips used by its predecessor. It is 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) deeper, 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) wider, and 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) thinner than the 15-inch aluminum PowerBook G4, while weighing the same. Other changes from the PowerBook include a built-in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe, a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when pulled to prevent the entire laptop from being pulled off a surface. Both features were later brought over to the MacBook. In order to accommodate the slimmer form factor of the MacBook Pro, the speed of the optical drive was halved compared to that of the PowerBook G4 and dual layer DVD writing support was omitted.
Both the original 15- and 17-inch discrete model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard/34 slots, which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4. All discrete 15-inch models have two USB 2.0 ports and one FireWire 400 port, while the 17-inch models have three USB 2.0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port. When first introduced, the MacBook Pro did not come with FireWire 800 or S-Video ports, although FireWire 800 was added in the next 15-inch model revision and was present in every version of the 17-inch design. S-Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S-Video adapter. External displays with up to a 2,560 × 1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual-link DVI port. All models include a built-in Gigabit Ethernet port, Bluetooth 2.0, and 802.11a/b/g. Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11n and Bluetooth 2.1.
Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24, 2006, to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors. Memory capacity was doubled for each model, to 1 GB on the low-end 15-inch and 2 GB for the high-end 15- and 17-inch models. FireWire 800 was added to the 15-inch models. Hard drive capacity was increased, although video card options stayed the same. The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5, 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options. LED backlighting was added to the 15-inch model's screen, and its weight was reduced from 5.6 pounds (2.5 kg) to 5.4 pounds (2.4 kg). Furthermore, the speed of the front-side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz. On November 1, 2007, Apple added the option of a 2.6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options.


Discrete 17-inch MacBook Pro.
On February 26, 2008, the MacBook Pro line was again updated. LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17-inch model. Processors were updated to "Penryn" cores, which are built on the 45 nanometer process (65 nanometer "Merom" cores were previously used), and hard drive and memory capacities were increased. Multi-touch capabilities, first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year, were brought over the MacBook Pro's trackpad. At the time of the introduction of the 15-inch unibody MacBook Pro on October 14, 2008, the discrete model with the same screen size was discontinued, while the 17-inch discrete model continued to be sold. The discrete model was discontinued on January 6, 2009, when the 17-inch MacBook Pro was also updated with unibody construction.

Reception
Upon release, reviewers noted the speed increase of the MacBook Pro when compared to the PowerBook G4 as well as the improved wireless performance. Reviewers were impressed with the performance increase offered by the 15-inch MacBook Pro over the PowerBook G4. At times, two- or threefold improvements in performance were seen; for example, the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3.3 times faster and the boot-up time was more than halved. The MacBook Pro generally performs better on performance analyzer utility tests, XBench and Cinebench, over the PowerBook G4. Although a few vertical pixels were lost (1,440 × 900 in the MacBook Pro instead of 1,440 × 960 in the PowerBook), the screen quality was noted as "nothing less than stellar" by one reviewer, with bright, crisp, and true colors. The maximum screen brightness was increased by 67 percent over the PowerBook G4, something that reviewers lauded along with the excellent horizontal viewing angles and the matte options. The battery was found to last around 3.5 hours per charge, similar to the PowerBook it replaced, and reviewers praised the functionality of the MagSafe power adapter introduced along with the MacBook Pro. The backlit keyboard and large trackpad received positive reviews as well, as was the virtually silent operation of the machine.
Reviewers commented on the notebook's overall performance but were critical of the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30 percent its original speed. The notebook was also noted for producing significant heat. Complaints included the increasing difficulty of upgrading system memory as compared to older Apple notebooks. Since the dimensions for the 15-inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15-inch PowerBook G4, accessories such as notebook sleeves were not interchangeable between the two models. Also, a slight flickering was also mentioned when the screen was on lower brightness settings.Furthermore, despite the addition of ten watt-hours (from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60), the battery life averaged at slightly over three hours, about the same as the PowerBook G4. This was attributed to the more powerful Core Duo CPU.Reviewers were hoping for around an hour more of battery life, but noted that battery life was already about on par or better than competition. Although the addition of the MagSafe charging port was praised for saving notebooks from falling to the floor when the power cord is tripped over, it was found to disconnect too easily in some instances, leading to irritation for one reviewer.

Technical specifications
Discontinued Current
Table of models
Component Intel Core Duo Intel Core 2 Duo
Model Early 2006 Late 2006 Mid 2007 Late 2007 Early 2008 Late 2008
Release date(s) January 6, 2006 (15"), April 24, 2006 (17") October 24, 2006June 5, 2007 November 1, 2007 February 26, 2008 October 14, 2008 
Model number(s) MA463*/A or MA464*/A; MA600* or MA601*; MA092*/A MA609*, MA610*, or MA611*/A MA895*, MA896*, or MA897* MA895*/A, MA896*/A, or MA897*/A MB133*/A, MB134*/A, or MB166*/A MB766*/A
Model Identifier(s) MacBookPro1,1 MacBookPro2,1, MacBookPro2,2 MacBookPro3,1 MacBookPro3,1 MacBookPro4,1 MacBookPro4,1
Display
All widescreen 15.4", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,440 × 900 15.4", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,440 × 900, with LED backlighting N/A
17", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,680 × 1,050 17", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,680 × 1,050
Optional 1,920 × 1,200 17", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,680 × 1,050
Optional 1,920 × 1,200, with LED backlighting 17", matte or glossy, LCD, 1,920 × 1,200, with LED backlighting
Processor 1.83 GHz (T2400), 2.0 GHz (T2500) or 2.16 GHz (T2600) Intel Core Duo Yonah with 2 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.16 GHz (T7400) or 2.33 GHz (T7600) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz (T7500) or 2.4 GHz (T7700) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz (T7500) or 2.4 GHz (T7700) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.6 GHz (T7800) with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz (T8300) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache, or 2.5 GHz (T9300) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.6 GHz (T9500) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.5 GHz (T9400) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.6 GHz (T9500) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Memory
Two slots for PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM (667 MHz) 512 MB (two 256 MB) or 1 GB (two 512 MB)
Expandable to 2 GB 1 GB (two 512 MB) or 2 GB (two 1 GB)
Expandable to 4 GB, but only 3 GB addressable 2 GB (two 1 GB)
Expandable to 6 GB 4 GB (two 2 GB)
Expandable to 8 GB, but only 6 GB addressable.
Hard drive 80 GB, 100 GB, or 120 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 100 GB 7,200-rpm or 120 GB 5,400-rpm. 120 GB, 160 GB, or 200 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 100 GB, 7,200-rpm. 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 250 GB, 4,200-rpm or 160 GB, 7,200-rpm. 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 250 GB, 5,400-rpm or 200 GB, 7,200-rpm. 200 GB or 250 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 200 GB 7,200-rpm or 300 GB 4,200-rpm. 320 GB serial ATA, 5,400-rpm
Optional 320 GB, 7,200-rpm or 128 GB SSD.
Graphics
with dual-link DVI ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 with 128 MB or 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 128 MB, 256 MB, or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 256 MB, or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM 
Front-side bus 667 MHz 800 MHz
Optical disc drive Combo drive: 8× DVD read, 24× CD-R and 10× CD-RW recording
SuperDrive: 8× DVD-DL discs reads. 4× DVD+/-R & RW recording. 24× CD-R and 10× CD-RW recording
(optional for 15-inch)
SuperDrive: 4× DVD+R writes, 8× DVD+/-R read, 4× DVD+/-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10× CD-RW recording (17-inch)
SuperDrive: 2.4× DVD+R DL writes, 6× DVD+/-R read, 4× DVD+/-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10× CD-RW recording or 4× DVD+R DL writes, 8× DVD+/-R read/write, 4× DVD+/-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10× CD-RW recording SuperDrive: 4× DVD+R DL writes, 8× DVD+/-R read/write, 4× DVD+/-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10× CD-RW recording SuperDrive: 4× DVD+R DL writes, 8× DVD+/-R read/write, 8× DVD+RW writes, 6× DVD-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 16× CD-RW recording
AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11a/b/g (AR5007 chipset) Integrated 802.11a/b/g and draft-n (n disabled by default) (AR5008 chipset) Integrated 802.11a/b/g and draft-n (n enabled) (AR5008 or BCM4322 chipset, depending on revision)
Battery 60-watt-hour removable lithium-polymer battery (15") N/A
68-watt-hour removable lithium-polymer battery (17")
Weight 5.6 lb (2.5 kg) (15") 5.4 lb (2.4 kg) (15") N/A
6.8 lb (3.1 kg) (17")
Dimensions 14.1 in (36 cm) wide × 9.6 in (24 cm) deep × 1.0 in (2.5 cm) (15") N/A
15.4 in (39 cm) wide × 10.4 in (26 cm) deep × 1.0 in (2.5 cm) (17")

Unibody MacBook Pro



A size comparison of the unibody line of MacBook Pro laptops.
On October 14, 2008, at a notebook-oriented event at Apple's headquarters, a new 15-inch MacBook Pro was announced featuring an aluminum unibody construction and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air. This method of construction has been dubbed "precision aluminum unibody enclosure" by Apple, usually shortened to "unibody". All of the MacBook Pro's ports were shifted to the left side of the case. The optical disc drive slot was moved from the left to the right side, similar to the MacBook. The video cards saw a major update; Apple decided to place two new video cards in the MacBook Pro, the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of shared system memory. The FireWire 400 port was removed but the FireWire 800 port was retained, and the DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle. The original release unibody MacBook Pro came fitted with a user-removable battery, with a claimed five hours of charge. During normal use, a battery life of just under four hours was reported. Apple has said that the battery will hold 80 percent of its charge after 300 recharges.
At the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6, 2009, Phil Schiller announced a 17-inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction. This version diverged from its 15-inch sibling with an anti-glare "matte" screen option and a non user-removable lithium polymer battery. Apple affirmed the battery's design was unlike any existing notebook battery. Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing, the lithium-ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each laptop without wasting space. Adaptive charging extends battery life, which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear. Compared to the previous iteration, battery life for the 17" version is quoted at eight hours, with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1,000 charges cycles. This battery is not intended to be user-removable; doing so voids the warranty.
At Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 8, 2009, it was announced that the 13-inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re-branded as a MacBook Pro, leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line. It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non user-removable battery inherited from the 17-inch MacBook Pro. The updated MacBook Pro 13- and the 15-inch would each have up to a claimed seven hours of battery life, while the 17-inch would keep its eight-hour capacity. Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pros during casual use, while others reported around six hours. Like the 17-inch MacBook Pro, Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity. Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release, although the 13-inch, and the base model 15-inch, came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU.The screens were also improved, gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut. All of these mid 2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17-inch models (which retained the ExpressCard/34 slot) would receive an SD card slot. The 17-inch model would retain its ExpressCard slot. For the 13-inch MacBook Pro, the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of computer body.
On April 13, 2010, the MacBook Pro saw another update. Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15- and 17-inch models, while the 13-inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase. The power brick was redesigned and a high-resolution display (of 1,680 × 1,050) was announced as an option for the 15-inch models. For video cards, the 13-inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit (GPU) with 256 MB of shared memory, while the 15- and 17-inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M, with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory. The 15" and 17" models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors. The 15-inch model also gained 0.1 pounds (0.045 kg). Save for a third USB 2.0 slot, all the ports on the 17-inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15-inch version. All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB across the board. Battery life was also extended further in this update, to an estimated ten hours for the 13-inch and 8–9 hours on the 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pros. This was achieved through greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity. Through actual use, reviewers reported anywhere from six (in the 15-inch) to eight (in the 13-inch) hours of battery life.

Design
The unibody-construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor, albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display. The screen is high-gloss, covered by an edge-to-edge reflective glass finish, while an anti-glare matte option is available in the 15- and 17-inch models in which the glass panel is removed.The trackpad has also been enlarged, giving more room for scrolling and multi-touch gestures. When the line was updated in April 2010, inertial scrolling was added, making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad. The entire touchpad is usable, and approximately the bottom two thirds act as a clickable button. The keys, still backlit, are now that of Apple's now-standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys.

Reception
When first released, reviewers praised the quality of the screen and sturdy unibody build. With the new unibody design came easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the discrete models. Reviewers lauded the improved quietness and heat management of the unibody MacBook Pro as compared to the discrete models, which tended to run hotter than its successor. The MacBook Pro's compact size for its performance range was also complimented.
Reviewers lamented the loss of a matte screen option for the 2008 unibody MacBook Pro, noting the reflectiveness of the screen in sunlight, even when its brightness was turned all the way up. CNET's Dan Ackerman commented of the mid-2009 models, "According to Apple, the new display offers a wider color gamut, and the screen certainly looks bright and colorful, but we wish the same matte-screen option offered on the 17-inch MacBook Pro was available across the line... While the LED screen means a thinner lid and some battery life benefits, the edge-to-edge glass covering the entire display panel grabs stray light rays with ease, making the glossy screen hard to see in some lighting conditions." Furthermore, the addition of Mini DisplayPort instead of the more popular HDMI was criticized. The relatively low number of ports and lower end technical specifications when compared to similarly priced laptops from other brands were also frowned upon.
Laptop Magazine's Michael Prospero praised the 2010 15-inch model's display, calling it "bright and crisp". He further commented, "While reflections from the glossy display weren’t overwhelming, it’s also nice to know there’s an antiglare option—though only for the higher resolution display. Still, colors were bright, blacks were deep and dark, and viewing angles were excellent both vertically and horizontally." He also lauded the quality of the iSight webcam, the responsiveness of the touchpad, the microphone and speakers, as well as the performance of the new CPUs for the 15" and the long battery life. Complaints included the price of the laptop, the low number of USB ports, and the lack of HDMI.
Of the 2010 models, CNET praised the automatic graphics switching features of the 15- and 17-inch models as well as the graphics cards themselves. Acclaim was also given to the Core i5 and i7 CPUs, the multi-touch trackpad, and the addition of audio capabilities to the Mini DisplayPort video output. They also called for the addition of HDMI and the Blu-ray optical disc format, saying that most other computers in the MacBook Pro's price range possessed these features. CNET also criticized the option of a higher resolution screen in the 15-inch model, saying "the higher-resolution screen should be included by default."

Technical specifications
Discontinued Current
Table of models
Component Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i5, Core i7
Model Late 2008 Early 2009 Mid 2009 Mid 2010
Release date October 14, 2008 January 6, 2009 June 8, 2009 April 13, 2010
Model number(s) MB466*/A, MB470*/A or MB471*/A MB470*/A, MC026*/A, or MB604*/A MB990*/A, MB991*/A, MC118*/A, MB985*/A, MB986*/A, or MC226*/A MC374*/A, MC375*/A, MC371*/A, MC372*/A, MC373*/A, or MC024*/A
Model Identifier(s) MacBookPro5,1 MacBookPro5,2 MacBookPro5,3 MacBookPro5,5 MacBookPro6,2 MacBookPro7,1
Display
All widescreen with LED backlighting N/A 13.3", glossy glass covered screen, 1,280 × 800
15.4", glossy glass covered screen, 1,440 × 900 15.4", glossy glass covered screen, 1,440 × 900
Optional matte screen 15.4", glossy glass covered screen, 1,440 × 900
Optional 1,680 × 1050 (glossy or matte)
N/A 17", glossy glass covered screen, 1,920 × 1,200
Optional matte screen
Processor N/A 2.26 GHz (P7550, P8400, or P7570) (13" only) or 2.53 GHz (P8700) (13" and low-end 15" only) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz (P8600) or 2.66 GHz (P8800) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache (13" only)
2.4 GHz (P8600) with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache, or
2.53 GHz (T9400) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.8 GHz (T9600) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
2.4 GHz (P8600) with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache (15" only), or
2.53 GHz (T9400) (15" only), or 2.66 GHz (T9550) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (15" and 17")
Optional 2.8 GHz (T9600) (15" only), or 2.93 GHz (T9800) (17" only) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
2.66 GHz (P8800) (15" only) with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache or
2.8 GHz (T9600) (15" and 17" only) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 3.06 GHz (T9900) with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache (15" and 17" only)
2.4 GHz (520M) (15" only) or 2.53 GHz (540M) Intel Core i5 Arrandale with 3 MB on-chip L3 cache (15" and 17" only), or
2.66 GHz (620M) Intel Core i7 Arrandale with 4 MB on-chip L3 cache (15" and 17" only)
Optional 2.8 GHz (640M) with 4 MB on-chip L3 cache, after October 20, 2010 (15" and 17" only)
Memory
Two slots for PC3-8500 DDR3 SDRAM (1,066 MHz) 2 GB (two 1 GB) or 4 GB (two 2 GB)
Expandable to 4 GB 4 GB (two 2 GB)
Expandable to 8 GB. 2.66 GHz and 2.93 GHz models expandable to 8 GB, but only 6 GB addressable. 2 GB (two 1 GB) or 4 GB (two 2 GB)
Expandable to 8 GB 4 GB (two 2 GB)
Expandable to 8 GB
Graphics
with mini DisplayPort output N/A Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory (13" and some 15" models) Nvidia GeForce 320M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory (13" models only)
Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM
Can switch between the two (but cannot use both) Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (some 15" or 17" models)
Can switch between the two (but cannot use both) Intel HD Graphics with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 330M with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (15" and 17" models)
Automatically switches between graphics hardware
Secondary storage[note 4] 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400-rpm.
Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200-rpm, 128 GB SSD 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400-rpm.
Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200-rpm, 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 160 GB, 250 GB, 320 GB, or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400-rpm.
Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400-rpm or 7,200-rpm (15" and 17" only) or 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 250 GB, 320 GB, or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400-rpm.
Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400-rpm or 7,200-rpm or 128 GB, 256 GB, or 512 GB SSD
Optical disc drive[note 5] SuperDrive: 4× DVD+R DL writes, 8× DVD+/-R read/write, 8× DVD+RW writes, 6× DVD-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 16× CD-RW recording
System bus N/A 1,066 MHz front side bus 1,066 MHz front side bus (13")
1,066 MHz front side bus Intel Direct Media Interface
2.5GT/s (15" and 17")
AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11a/b/g/draft-n (n enabled) (BCM4322 chipset) Integrated 802.11a/b/g/n
Battery N/A 58-watt-hour non-removable lithium-polymer (13") 63.5-watt-hour non-removable lithium-polymer (13")
50-watt-hour removable lithium-polymer (15") 73-watt-hour non-removable lithium-polymer (15") 77.5-watt-hour non-removable lithium-polymer (15")
N/A 95-watt-hour non-removable lithium-polymer (17")
Weight 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) (15")
4.5 lb (2.0 kg) (13")
5.5 lb (2.5 kg) (15")
6.6 lb (3.0 kg) (17") 4.5 lb (2.0 kg) (13")
5.6 lb (2.5 kg) (15")
6.6 lb (3.0 kg) (17")
N/A 6.6 lb (3.0 kg) (17")
Dimensions N/A 12.78 in (32.5 cm) wide × 8.94 in (22.7 cm) deep × 0.95 in (2.4 cm) high (13")
14.35 in (36.4 cm) wide × 9.82 in (24.9 cm) deep × 0.95 in (2.4 cm) high (15")
N/A 15.47 in (39.3 cm) wide × 10.51 in (26.7 cm) deep × 0.98 in (2.5 cm) high (17")

Software and operating systems

The Mac OS X operating system has been pre-installed on all MacBooks Pros since release, starting with version 10.4.4 (Tiger). Along with OS X, iLife has also shipped with all systems, beginning with iLife '06.
The MacBook Pro comes with the BIOS successor, Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) 1.1. EFI handles booting differently from conventional BIOS-based computers, but provides BIOS backwards compatibility, allowing dual and triple boot configurations. In addition to Mac OS X, the Microsoft Windows operating system is installable on Intel x86-based Apple computers. Officially, this is limited to both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows XP, Vista, and 7, with the necessary hardware drivers included with the Boot Camp software. Other x86 operating systems such as Linux are also unofficially supported. This is made possible by the presence of the Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI.

Compatibility
PowerPC emulation: As the MacBook Pro uses a different hardware platform than earlier PowerPC (PPC)-based Macintoshes, it is incapable of running PPC applications natively. It instead uses the Rosetta emulator to seamlessly run PPC applications, though at some performance penalty. Due to the manner in which Apple chose to implement it, Rosetta is incapable of emulating some lower level PPC code, and does not support 64-bit (G5 specific) PPC features.
Classic emulation: Intel-based Macs do not support Mac OS X's Classic emulation environment (Mac OS 9 and earlier), although third-party emulators such as SheepShaver may allow these applications to run.

(source:wikipedia)