Novartis and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation collaborate to discover and develop an accessible in vivo gene therapy for sickle cell disease

Basel, February 17, 2021 — Novartis today announced that it has entered into a grant agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. As part of the agreement, the foundation will provide funding support for the discovery and development of a single-administration, in vivo gene therapy to cure sickle cell disease (SCD). 

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How scientists saved Trump's FDA from politics

Scientists around the country looked at the Food and Drug Administration last August and saw trouble. New FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn, less than a year into his job and months before an election that polls showed 

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Timeline of vaccines

This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has been eliminated worldwide. The other illnesses continue to cause tens of millions of deaths each year. Currently, polio and measles are the targets of active worldwide eradication 

18th century

1796 vaccine for smallpox developed by Edward Jenner. This was the first vaccine developed as a treatment for any disease, and was derived from a weakened version of the disease cowpox.

19th century

1879 First vaccine for cholera

1885 First vaccine for rabies by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux

1890 First vaccine for tetanus

1896 First vaccine for typhoid fever

1897 First vaccine for bubonic plague

20th century

1921 First vaccine for diphtheria

1926 First vaccine for pertussis (whooping cough)

1927 First vaccine for tuberculosis

1932 First vaccine for yellow fever

1937 First vaccine for typhus

1945 First vaccine for influenza

1952 First vaccine for polio by Jonas Salk

1954 First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis

1954 First vaccine for anthrax

1957 First vaccine for adenovirus-4 and 7

1962 First oral polio vaccine

1963 First vaccine for measles

1967 First vaccine for mumps

1970 First vaccine for rubella

1974 First vaccine for chicken pox

1977 First vaccine for pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)

1978 First vaccine for meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)

1981 First vaccine for hepatitis B (first vaccine to target a cause of cancer)

1985 First vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB)

1992 First vaccine for hepatitis A

1998 First vaccine for Lyme disease

1998 First vaccine for rotavirus

21st century

2003 First nasal vaccine for influenza approved in US, FluMist by MedImmune

2006 First vaccine for human papillomavirus, Gardasil by Merck & Co.

2009 Swine flu vaccine

(source:wikipedia)

Timeline of antibiotics

This is the timeline of antimicrobial (anti-infective) therapy. The years show when given was released onto the pharmaceutical market. Please note that this is NOT a timeline of the antibiotic itself!

1910 - Arsphenamine aka Salvarsan

1912 - Neosalvarsan

1935 - Prontosil (an oral precursor to sulfanilimide)

1936 - Sulfanilimide

1938 - Sulfapyridine (M&B 693)

1939 - sulfacetamide

1940 - sulfamethizole

1942 - benzylpenicillin

1942 - gramicidin S

1942 - sulfadimidine

1943 - sulfamerazine

1944 - streptomycin

1947 - sulfadiazine

1948 - chlortetracycline

1949 - chloramphenicol

1949 - neomycin

1950 - oxytetracycline

1950 - penicillin G procaine

1952 - erythromycin

1954 - benzathine penicillin

1955 - spiramycin

1955 - tetracycline

1955 - thiamphenicol

1955 - vancomycin

1956 - phenoxymethylpenicillin

1958 - colistin

1958 - demeclocycline

1959 - virginiamycin

1960 - methicillin

1960 - metronidazole

1961 - ampicillin

1961 - spectinomycin

1961 - sulfamethoxazole

1961 - trimethoprim

1962 - cloxacillin

1962 - fusidic acid

1963 - fusafungine

1963 - lymecycline

1964 - gentamicin

1966 - doxacycline

1967 - carbenicillin

1967 - rifampicin

1968 - clindamycin

1970 - cefalexin

1971 - cefazolin

1971 - pivampicillin

1971 - tinidazole

1972 - amoxicillin

1972 - cefradine

1972 - minocycline

1972 - pristinamycin

1973 - fosfomycin

1974 - talampicillin

1975 - tobramycin

1975 - bacampicillin

1975 - ticarcillin

1976 - amikacin

1977 - azlocillin

1977 - cefadroxil

1977 - cefamandole

1977 - cefoxitin

1977 - cefuroxime

1977 - mezlocillin

1977 - pivmecillinam

1979 - cefaclor

1980 - cefmetazole

1980 - cefotaxime

1980 - cefsulodin

1980 - piperacillin

1981 - amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav)

1981 - cefperazone

1981 - cefotiam

1981 - cefsulodin

1981 - latamoxef

1981 - netelmicin

1982 - apalcillin

1982 - ceftriaxone

1982 - micronomicin

1983 - cefmenoxime

1983 - ceftazidime

1983 - ceftiroxime

1983 - norfloxacin

1984 - cefonicid

1984 - cefotetan

1984 - temocillin

1985 - cefpiramide

1985 - imipenem/cilastatin

1985 - ofloxacin

1986 - mupirocin

1986 - aztreonam

1986 - cefoperazone/sulbactam

1986 - ticarcillin/clavulanic acid

1987 - ampicillin/sulbactam

1987 - cefixime

1987 - roxithromycin

1987 - sultamicillin

1987 - ciprofloxacin

1987 - rifaximin

1988 - azithromycin

1988 - flomoxef

1988 - isepamycin

1988 - midecamycin

1988 - rifapentine

1988 - teicoplanin

1989 - cefpodoxime

1989 - enrofloxacin

1989 - lomefloxacin

1990 - arbekacin

1990 - cefozidime

1990 - clarithromycin

1991 - cefdinir

1992 - cefetamet

1992 - cefpirome

1992 - cefprozil

1992 - ceftibufen

1992 - fleroxacin

1992 - loracarbef

1992 - piperacillin/tazobactam

1992 - rufloxacin

1993 - brodimoprim

1993 - dirithromycin

1993 - levofloxacin

1993 - nadifloxacin

1993 - panipenem/betamipron

1993 - sparfloxacin

1994 - cefepime

1999 - quinupristin/dalfopristin

2000 - linezolid

2001 - telithromycin

2003 - daptomycin

2005 - tigecycline

2005 - doripenem

2009 - telavancin

See also

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

(source:wikipedia)

Health science

Health science, biomedical science,

Health science or biomedical science is the applied science dealing with health.

There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the food that we eat; and the study and research of health-related issues to understand how humans and other animals function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases.

Health research builds upon the natural sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields. Some of the other primarily research-oriented fields that make contributions to health science are biochemistry, epidemiology, genetics, and pharmacology (for a more comprehensive list, see List of health science disciplines).

A myriad of applied health specializations and professions also endeavor to better understand health, but in addition they try to directly improve the health of individuals and of people in general, as well as of other animals (see veterinary medicine). Some of these are: biomedical engineering, biotechnology, clinical laboratory science, medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, public health, psychology, and physical therapy. The provision of services to improve people's health is referred to as health care.

The health sciences industry, a multi-billion dollar business sector, is a cross-section of the life sciences and the health care and medical diagnostics industries.

Acquisition of health-related knowledge

Life science and Biomedical research

Medical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research) or to better scale up health care interventions and improve health systems (e.g. health systems research and evidence based health care).

The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and notably, the paucity of knowledge on how to better organize health care delivery.

Application of health-related knowledge (health care)

Main article:Health care

Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations”. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.

There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).

Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.

There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.

Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.

Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.

Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry.

Health practices

Conventional Western practices

Athletic training

Audiology

Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics)

Dentistry

Dietetics

Epidemiology

Evidence-based medicine

Genetic counseling

Medical physics

Medicine

Nursing

Nutrition

Obstetrics, including Midwifery

Occupational therapy

Optometry

Orthoptics

Paramedicine

Pharmacy

Physical therapy (physiotherapy)

Podiatry

Prosthetics and Orthotics

Psychology, including Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and others

Psychoanalysis

Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy

Public health

Physical education

Speech-Language Pathology

Surgery, including anaesthesiology

Veterinary medicine

Historical western

 Ancient Greek medicine, Medicine in ancient Rome, Byzantine medicine, and Medieval medicine

Blood letting

Heroic medicine

Magnet therapy

Patent medicine

Phrenology

Trepanation

Complementary and alternative medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine and Alternative medicine

Alexander Technique

Chiropractic

Dorn method

Herbalism

Holistic health

Homeopathy

Hypnosis

Massage therapy

Natural medicine

Naturopathic medicine

Orthomolecular medicine

Osteopathy

Traditional Chinese medicine

Contemporary themes

Because health science deals with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Evidence based health care focuses on integrating research evidence with context and values to better guide policies and practice. An example of initiatives that take this approach to improve public health policy is the Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) of the World Health Organization.

History of health science

History of biology and History of medicine

The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.

See also
Social determinants of health
Self care
Social relation
Hygiene
Health care
Workplace wellness
Public health

(source:wikipeoia)