| Economy of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
 Manila | |
| Currency | Philippine peso (PHP) = 100 centavos (English) piso = 100 sentimo (Filipino) |
| Fiscal year | Calendar year |
| Trade organizations | APEC, ASEAN, WTO, and others |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $161.0 billion (2009 est.) (nominal48th) $324.4 billion (2009 est.) (PPP 36th) |
| GDP growth | 6.5% (2010 3rd Quarter) 6% (Year-on-Year) |
| GDP per capita | $1,746 (2009 est.) (nominal 122nd) $3,521 (2009 est.) (PPP 125th) |
| GDP by sector | agriculture (14.9%), industry (29.9%), services (55.1%) (2009 est.) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 3.0% (November 2010) |
| Population below poverty line | national – 32.9% (2006 est.) international – 22.6% (2006) regional – 27% (2006) |
| Gini index | 45.8 (2006) |
| Labor force | 37.89 million (2009 est.) |
| Labor force by occupation | services (51%) agriculture (34%), industry (15%) (2009 est.) |
| Unemployment | 6.9% (July 2010) |
| Main industries | electronics assembly, garments,footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,wood products, food processing,petroleum refining, fishing |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 148th |
| External | |
| Exports | $37.51 billion (2009 est.) |
| Export goods | semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment,garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits |
| Main export partners | United States 15.35%, Japan 14.19%,China 13.19%, Singapore 9.44%, Hong Kong 9%, South Korea 5.12%,Germany 4.1% (2009) |
| Imports | $46.39 billion (2009 est.) |
| Import goods | electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[1] |
| Main import partners | Japan 15.32%, United States 11.47%,Singapore 9.54%, China 8.93%,Taiwan 8.27% (2009) |
| Gross external debt | $55.416 billion (1st Quarter, 2010) |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | $94.27 billion (58.7% of GDP) (2009 est.) |
| Revenues | $23.56 billion |
| Expenses | $29.82 billion (2009 est.) |
| Economic aid | $561.7 million ODA recipient. (2007) |
The economy of the Philippines is the 4th largest economy in South East Asia and the 35th largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity according to the World Bank in 2009. A newly industrialized emerging market economy, it posted a real GDP growth rate of 5.3% in 2006 and 7.1% in 2007. Growth slowed to 3.8% in 2008 as a result of the global financial crisis. In 2009, the real growth rate was 0.9% but is projected to rebound to 7.5% in 2010. For the first quarter of 2010 the economy grew by 7.3% which was higher than the 3.6% forecast. At the end of the second quarter of 2010, GDP growth again exceeded expectations by coming in at 7.9%. According to the IMF, the Philippines will be the second-fastest growing economy among the Asean 5 in 2010 with a forecasted growth rate of 7% after Thailand's 7.5%.
A mixed economic system, important sectors of Philippine industry include food processing, textiles and garments, and electronics and automobile parts. Most industries are concentrated in the urban areas around Metro Manila, while Metro Cebu is also becoming an attraction for foreign and local investors. Mining also has great potential in the Philippines, which possesses significant reserves of chromite, nickel, and copper. Recent natural gas finds off the islands of Palawan add to the country's geothermal, hydro, coal, and oil exploration energy reserves.
History
Since the end of World War II, the Philippine economy has had significant ups and downs. Initially a fast growing economy, the Philippines was at one time one of the richest countries in East Asia before slowing into a period of chronic underperformance. The factors behind the slow growth are complex but it is thought that contributing to it were the adoption of import substitution policies over export-oriented ones, slow implementation of agrarian reform, and the lack of investment in infrastructure. In recent years, however, attempts to reach the 7% growth threshold, a point at which it is thought the public will be able to more noticeably feel economic gains, have started becoming more successful.
During the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, the economy initially grew close to the earlier trend but eventually slowed considerably and even turned negative destabilized by corruption and political uncertainty and unrest. By the time of the People Power revolution, the economy had declined, falling severely below the growth of other nations in Southeast Asia. A severe recession in 1984-85 saw the economy shrink by more than 10%. Despite initial optimism, continued perceptions of political instability dogged the succeeding Corazon Aquino administration and daily blackouts in its later years further damped economic activity. Fidel V. Ramos restored electricity and managed to briefly uplift the economy during his term as president, posting modest but positive GDP growth rates.
In 1998, the Philippine economy deteriorated again as a result of spill over from the Asian financial crisis, although not as much as other Asian nations, and a wave of natural disasters also dragged the economy down. Growth fell to about -0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.4% by 1999. President Joseph Estrada attempted to resist protectionist measures, and efforts to continue the reforms begun by the Ramos administration made significant progress. A major bank failure in April 2000 and the political disturbances following the impeachment and subsequent departure of President Estrada in the beginning of 2001 led to lower growth.
The administration under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pushed toward faster economic growth. Arroyo's stance towards economic improvement since 2004 has seen the Philippines re-emerge as one of the growing economies in Southeast Asia. In 2004, the Philippine economy grew by 6.1%, beating most analysts and even the government's estimates. In 2005, the Philippine peso posted an appreciation rate of 6%—the fastest in the Asian region for that year. However, higher oil prices led to growth amounting to 5.1%. The Philippines is still faced with the challenge of generating income internally. In comparison to other countries, it relies disproportionately on remittances from overseas which are equivalent to around 11.17% of GDP. During 2006, the economy posted a 5.4% growth, dampened by two typhoons which wreaked havoc on the agricultural sector.
The local stock market hit a record high on June 1, 2007 while the peso was trading at around PHP 41.31 to a US dollar, making it then Asia's best performing currency by sharply appreciating nearly 19%.
GDP in 2007 grew 7.3%, the fastest in 31 years: its economy grew a seasonally adjusted 1.8%, faster than expected in the 4th quarter while inflation was tamed at 2.8% amidst sharp increases in oil prices.
Growth slowed in 2008 and 2009 as the spillover effects of global economic weakness from the Late-2000s recession affected the country. In 2009, the nominal GNP per capita was US$1,746 and the PPP GNP per capita was $3,521. The total nominal GNP was $167 billion and the total PPP GNP was $320 billion.
In 2010, the PSEI has surpassed pre-Asian Financial Crisis levels and growth of 7% is being seen. For the 1st Quarter of 2010, the Philippines has experienced growth of 7.9%. As of November 2010, the Philippine peso is trading at around 44:1 US dollar.
The Philippines is expected to grow at an annual rate of 7-12% in the next 10-20 years, based on drastic reforms being made by current President Benigno Aquino III, eliminating any possible political and external threats. Goldman Sachs predicts the Philippine economy will become an Asian tiger in the next 6 years with its GDP projected to be at least $300 Billion by 2016 in nominal terms. This shall be brought about by expected massive inflow of foreign direct investments, double digit growth in exports, improved infrastructures, healthy business process outsourcing industry, fast growing service industry, continuous rise in remittances by the 11 million foreign-based Filipinos and the realization of tourism potentials.
As of November 2010, the Philippines ranks 26th in terms of foreign exchange reserves with $61.3 billions, ahead of Canada, Argentina, Norway and Sweden.
Macro-economic trend
A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.
| Year | GDP in millions of PHP (current prices) | PHP:US$ | Implied PPP PHP:US$ (current) | GDP per capita as % of US (current prices) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 243,749 | 7.51 | 4.044 | 5.48 |
| 1985 | 571,883 | 18.60 | 7.902 | 3.18 |
| 1990 | 1,074,510 | 24.32 | 9.975 | 3.1 |
| 1995 | 1,905,951 | 25.23 | 14.076 | 3.97 |
| 2000 | 3,354,727 | 44.19 | 18.789 | 2.8 |
| 2005 | 5,444,038 | 55.09 | 21.755 | 2.72 |
| 2006 | 6,031,164 | 51.31 | 22.158 | 3.01 |
| 2007 | 6,647,338 | 46.01 | 22.172 | 3.48 |
| 2008 | 7,423,213 | 44.32 | 23.346 | 3.91 |
| 2009 | 7,669,143 | 47.64 | 23.620 | 3.76 |
GDP growth at constant 1985 prices in Philippine pesos:
| Year | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP growth % | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 9.2 | 5 | 6.4 | 8 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.149 | 3.423 | 3.619 | 1.875 | -7.324 | -7.307 | 3.417 | 4.312 | 6.753 | 6.205 |
| Year | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP growth % | 3.037 | -0.578 | 0.338 | 2.116 | 4.388 | 4.679 | 5.846 | 5.185 | -0.577 | 3.396 | 5.968 | 1.756 | 4.449 | 4.93 | 6.38 | 4.952 | 5.341 | 7.079 | 3.839 | 0.918 |
Government budget
The proposed national government budget for 2011 has set the following budget allocations
| Budget Allocation | Millions of Pesos (PHP) | Millions of US Dollars (US$) |
|---|---|---|
| Department of Education | 207,300 | 4,573 |
| Department of Public Works and Highways | 110,600 | 2,439.8 |
| Department of National Defense | 104,700 | 2,309.7 |
| Department of Interior and Local Government | 88,200 | 1,945.7 |
| Department of Agriculture | 37,700 | 831.7 |
| Department of Social Welfare and Development | 34,300 | 756.7 |
| Department of Health | 33,300 | 734.6 |
| Department of Transportation and Communications | 32,300 | 712.5 |
| State Universities and Colleges | 23,400 | 516.2 |
Government budget
The proposed national government budget for 2011 has set the following budget allocations
Budget Allocation Millions of Pesos
(PHP) Millions of US Dollars
(US$)
Department of Education 207,300 4,573
Department of Public Works and Highways 110,600 2,439.8
Department of National Defense 104,700 2,309.7
Department of Interior and Local Government 88,200 1,945.7
Department of Agriculture 37,700 831.7
Department of Social Welfare and Development 34,300 756.7
Department of Health 33,300 734.6
Department of Transportation and Communications 32,300 712.5
State Universities and Colleges 23,400 516.2
Private sector
As a newly industrialized nation, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector, however services are beginning to dominate ASEAN. Much of the industrial sector is based on manufacturing electronics and other high-tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.
Philippine Stock Exchange in Makati
Filipino exports in 2006
Industrial production is centered on processing and assembly operations. The Philippines currently hosts the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), which studies high yielding rice varieties. It has played a key role in the Green Soil Revolution and was able to increase rice yields and rice production during the 1970s.
Automotive
The ABS used in Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo cars are made in the Philippines. Ford, Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Nissan are the most prominent automakers manufacturing cars in the country. A 2003 Canadian market research report predicted that further more investments in this sector were expected to grow in the following years. Toyota sells the most vehicles in the country.
Electronics
Intel has been in the Philippines for 28 years as a major producer of products including the Pentium 4 processor. A Texas Instruments plant in Baguio has been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer of DSP chips in the world. Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used in Nokia cell phones and 80% of chips used in Ericsson cell phones in the world. Until 2005, Toshiba laptops were produced in Santa Rosa, Laguna. Presently the Philippine plant's focus is in the production of hard disk drives. Printer manufacturer Lexmark has a factory in Mactan in the Cebu region.
Business process outsourcing in the Philippines
According to an IBM Global Location Trends Annual Report, as of December 2010 the Philippines has overtaken India as the world leader in business support functions such as shares services and business process outsourcing. The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the Philippines. Total jobs in the industry grew to 100,000 and total revenues are placed at $960 million for 2005. BPO facilities are mainly in Metro Manila and Cebu City although other regional areas such as Baguio City, Bacolod City, Cagayan de Oro, Tacloban City, Clark (Angeles City), Dagupan City, Davao City, Dumaguete City, Lipa City, Iloilo City and Legazpi City are now being promoted and developed for offshore operations.
Asiatown IT Park in Cebu
Mining and natural resources
Geothermal power station in Negros Oriental.
The country is rich with mineral and geothermal energy resources. In 2003, it produced 1931 MW of electricity from geothermal sources (27% of total electricity production), second only to the United States, and a recent discovery of natural gas reserves in the Malampaya oil fields off the island of Palawan is already being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants. Philippine gold, nickel, copper and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important minerals include silver, coal, gypsum, and sulfur. Significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and phosphate exist. About 60% of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of production growing 58%. In 1999, however, mineral production declined 16% to $793 million. Mineral exports have generally slowed since 1996. Led by copper cathodes, Philippine mineral exports amounted to $650 million in 2000, barely up from 1999 levels. Low metal prices, high production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have contributed to the mining industry's overall decline.
The Philippine Airlines is Asia's first commercial airline
The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.[citation needed] However, the DENR has yet to approve the revised Department Administrative Order (DAO) that will provide the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA), the specific part of the 1994 Mining Act that allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippines mines.
Transportation in the Philippines
Transport of people, goods and services in the country is done mostly by motorized vehicles, boats and planes. Land transportation vehicles are mostly imported; jeepneys and tricycles are usually locally manufactured.
Statistics
Percentage of population in 2007 living below poverty line, by province. Provinces with darker shades have more people living below the poverty line.
| Economic Growth | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | % GDP | % GNP |
| 2000 | 4.5 | 4.8 |
| 2001 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
| 2002 | 4.6 | 5.2 |
| 2003 | 4.7 | 5.6 |
| 2004 | 6.0 | 6.2 |
| 2005 | 5.0 | 5.6 |
| 2006 | 5.4 | 6.2 |
| 2007 | 7.3 | 7.8 |
| 2008 | 3.8 | 6.2 |
| 2009 | 1.1 | 4.0 |
| 2010Q1 | 7.8 | 8.6 |
| 2010Q2 | 8.2 | 7.9 |
| 2010Q3 | 6.5 | 7.5 |
| * Computed at Constant 1985 Prices | ||
| ** Source: NEDA | ||
Most of the following statistics are sourced from the CIA World Factbook - Philippines page retrieved on May 15, 2010 (currency is US dollars except where otherwise indicated).
GDP - purchasing power parity: $324.4 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 0.9 % (2009)
GDP PPP: $320.4 billion (2009 est.)
GDP per capita purchasing power parity: $3,300 (2009 est. in 2009 US dollars)
GDP nominal: $161.0 billion (2009 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,746
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.9%
industry: 29.9%
services: 55.1% (2009 est.)
Population below poverty line: 32.9% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 31.2% (2006)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (2009 est.), 3.5% (September 2010)
Labor force: 37.89 million (2009 est.)
Labor force by occupation:
agriculture 34%
industry 15%
services 51% (2009 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.9% (July 2010)
Budget:
revenues: $23.56 billion (2009 est.)
expenditures: $29.82 billion (2009 est.)
Industries: electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing
Industrial production growth rate: -2% (2009 est.)
Electricity - production: 56.57 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 48.96 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2007)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2007)
Agriculture - products: sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish
Exports: $37.51 billion (2009 est.); $48.25 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities: semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits
Exports - partners: United States 15.35%, Japan 14.19%, China 13.19%, Singapore 9.44%, Hong Kong 9%, South Korea 5.12%, Germany 4.1% (2009)
Imports: $45.39 billion (2009 est.)
Imports - commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic
Imports - partners: Japan 15.32%, United States 11.47%, Singapore 9.54%, China 8.93%, Taiwan 8.27% (2009)
Debt - external: $53.14 billion (30 September 2009 est.)
Currency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 47.8 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246 (2006), 55.086 (2005)
(source:wikipedia)
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